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This title, in its entirety, is available online in Open Access. This volume explores the ways childhood was experienced, lived and remembered in the late Ottoman Empire and its successor states in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries when rapid change placed unprecedented demands on the young.

This article addresses the interrelated changes taking place in education
during the transition from the Ottoman Empire to the Republic of Turkey in the
late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In particular, it focuses on the ways
in which schools altered their approach to space, time, and economic priorities in
order to align themselves with the shifting conditions of the period. It proceeds
by examining a series of tensions between the desiderata of state and society, the
collective and the individual, the secular and the religious, the national and the
supranational, before assessing the diverse range of responses they elicited.

This article examines the concepts of public and private in the late Ottoman Empire and the early Turkish Republic through the worlds of child readers. It interrogates the shifting lines of demarcation between public and private against the background of children learning to read and being exposed to an increasing array of written material, some of it supplied by the state and some by the private sector. It begins by delineating the relationship between public and private in this period before turning first to the contexts in which this reading took place and then to the content of these new reading materials. Drawing on evidence from a range of children's reading matter and childhood memoirs, I argue that the experience of reading served to blur the distinction between public and private and to contribute to the reconfiguring of the realms of public and private space. In short, reading—and the many and sometimes mixed messages it provided to children in this period of flux—helped to effect the transformation of the categories of private and public life and to unsettle the notions of physical and mental space of young readers.

Recent scholarship has taken great strides toward integrating the history of the late Ottoman Empire into world history. By moving beyond the view that the West was the prime agent for change in the East, historians have shed new light on indigenous efforts aimed at repositioning the state, reconceptualizing knowledge, and restructuring "society."1 A comparative perspective has helped students of the period recognize that the late Ottoman Empire shared and took action against many of the same problems confronting its contemporaries, East and West. The assertion of Ottoman agency has been critical to finishing off the stereotype of the "sick man of Europe," but the persistent legacies of modernization theory and nationalist historiography continue to obscure our view of the period.

Tracing the emergence of minorities and their institutions from the late nineteenth century to the eve of the Second World War, this book provides a comparative study of government policies and ideologies of two states towards minority populations living within their borders. Making extensive use of new archival material, this volume transcends the tendency to compare the Greek-Orthodox in Turkey and the Muslims in Greece separately and, through a comparison of the policies of the host states and the operation of the political, religious and social institutions of minorities, demonstr.

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Notes on the Contributors -- 1. Introduction -- SECTION I Histories of Empire and After -- 2. Russian Empires -- 3. The British and French Empires in the Arab World: Some Problems of Colonial State-formation and its Legacy -- 4. Ottoman Legacies and Economic Sovereignty in Post-imperial Anatolia, Syria and Iraq -- SECTION II Paths to Sovereignty: Views from the Core and Periphery -- 5. Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire and After -- 6. Mandated Sovereignty? The Role of International Law in the Construction of Arab Statehood during and after Empire -- 7. Reluctant Sovereigns? Central Asian States' Path to Independence -- SECTION III Empire and Domestic Sovereignty -- 8. The Middle East after Empire: Sovereignty and Institutions -- 9. Sovereignty after Empire: The Colonial Roots of Central Asian Authoritarianism -- SECTION IV Empire and Popular Sovereignty -- 10. Culture, Colonialism and Sovereignty in Central Asia -- 11. Culture in the Middle East: The "Western Question" and the Sovereignty of Post-imperial States in the Middle East -- 12. Pathways of Islamist Mobilization against the State in the Middle East and Central Asia -- SECTION V Empire and External Sovereignty -- 13. Empire and State formation: Contrary Tangents in Jordan and Syria -- 14. Rentierism, Dependency and Sovereignty in Central Asia -- 15. Tajikistan: From de facto Colony to Sovereign Dependency -- 16. Conclusions -- Bibliography -- Index